Effect of Liquid Smoke Treatment on Banana Stem Fibers as Composite Reinforcement
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.71225/jstn.v2i1.85Keywords:
Banana stem fiber, Liquid smoke, Mechanical properties, CompositeAbstract
This study aims to identify the potential utilization of banana stem fiber (BSF) as a locally sourced composite material to support building infrastructure in North Maluku. The research focuses on analyzing the tensile and impact properties of the composite. An experimental method was used, incorporating different treatment durations for the fibers by immersing them in liquid smoke for 1, 2, and 3 hours. The treated fibers were then heated at 40°C for 30 minutes. The next step involved fabricating BSF-reinforced composite specimens by preparing the resin and fibers, with a fiber length of 10 mm and a composition of 30% BSF and 70% resin. Tensile and impact tests were conducted to evaluate the mechanical properties of the composites. The results showed that the tensile strength of the P3J composite increased to 88.351 MPa, representing a 3.79% improvement compared to the untreated composite (TP). Meanwhile, the impact strength showed the highest increase after 1 hour of immersion, reaching 10.911 KJ/m, which is 25.45% higher than TP. These findings indicate that liquid smoke treatment enhances the tensile and impact properties of the composite.
References
S. A. Abro et al., “Banana Cellulosic Fiber: A Natural Innovative and Sustainable Bio-Resource for Eco-Friendly Industrial Applications,” vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 57–64, 2023.
N. S. M. Farhana Iqbal, N. Md. Humaun Kabir, N. Md. Iftakharul Muhib, and N. Md. Mehadi Hasan Khan Rupok, “Prospect of Waste Banana Fiber Use in Industry: A Narrative Review,” Int. J. Sci. Res. Arch., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 828–839, 2023.
L. J. Rodríguez and C. E. Orrego, “Water Uptake, Chemical Characterization, and Tensile Behavior of Modified Banana–plantain Fiber and Their Polyester Composites,” Polym. Compos., vol. 37, no. 10, pp. 2960–2973, 2015.
A. Abdela, M. Vandaele, S. Haenen, B. Buffel, B. Sirahbizu, and F. Desplentere, “Moisture Absorption Characteristics and Subsequent Mechanical Property Loss of Enset–PLA Composites,” J. Compos. Sci., vol. 7, no. 9, p. 382, 2023.
S. A. Harahap, A. Yudhit, and F. K. Wardani, “Potency of Banana (≪i>Musa Acuminata Linn.</I>) Stem Fiber as a Reinforcement Material for Heat Cured Acrylic Resin,” Mater. Sci. Forum, vol. 1069, pp. 129–134, 2022.
M. R. Gunarti, A. Prawoto, W. N. Fauzi, and W. A. Wirawan, “Mechanical behavior of glass fiber-epoxy composite laminates for ship hull structures,” Mech. Eng. Soc. Ind., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 156–166, 2024, doi: 10.31603/mesi.11589.
A. B. Sulistyo and W. A. Wirawan, “Evaluation of tensile strength and flexural strength of GFRP composites in different types of matrix polymers,” vol. 123, no. 2, pp. 49–57, 2024, doi: 10.5604/01.3001.0054.6847.
M. Muslimin et al., “The Effect of Liquid Smoke Treatment on Physical Stability and Impact Toughness Chicken Feather Fibre ( CFF ) as Reinforcement in Composites,” vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 1845–1854, 2023.
P. Kurniasih et al., “Flammability and morphology of Agel leaf fibre- epoxy composite modified with carbon powder for fishing boat applications,” Arch. Mater. Sci. Eng., vol. 122, no. 1, pp. 13–21, 2023, doi: 10.5604/01.3001.0053.8842.
W. A. Wirawan, A. Sabitah, M. A. Choiron, M. Muslimin, A. Zulkarnain, and B. W. Budiarto, “Effect of chemical treatment on the physical and thermal stabillity of Hibiscus Tiliaceus Bark Fiber (HBF) as reinforcement in composite,” Results Eng., vol. 18, no. March, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.rineng.2023.101101.
W. A. Wirawan, “Surface Modification with Silane Coupling Agent on Tensile Properties of Natural Fiber Composite,” J. Energy, Mech. Mater. Manuf. Eng., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 98–105, 2017, doi: 10.22219/jemmme.v2i2.5053.
S. L. T. Sales, F. J. Aldamia, P. S. Gonzaga, A. J. S. Montesclaros, and C. P. Lawagon, “Properties of Fiber Cement Boards Influenced by BSCH (Banana Stem and Corn Husk) Fibers and Citric Acid Addition,” Key Eng. Mater., vol. 913, pp. 125–130, 2022.
M. Muslimin, M. Rahim, A. Seng, and S. Rais, “Liquid Smoke Treatment for Natural Fibers: The Effect on Tensile Properties, Surface Morphology, Crystalline Properties, and Functional Groups of Banana Stem Fibers,” Appl. Syst. Innov., vol. 5, no. 5, p. 94, 2022, doi: 10.3390/asi5050094.
N. Joan Jane J. Sanchez, N. Erika T. Honorio, N. Julius John Ceasar A. Mosquito, and N. Philip Donald C. Sanchez, “Development and Evaluation of Taro (Colocasia Esculenta) Leaves and Banana Pseudo Stem (Musa Acuminata) as an Alternative Hydrophobic Paper Bag,” Proc. Int. Exch. Innov. Conf. Eng. Sci., vol. 9, pp. 232–239, 2023.
M. Meliana and A. Asri, “Analisis Pengaruh Ukuran Serat Terhadap Sifat Fisis Dan Mekanis Papan Komposit Berbahan Serat Batang Pisang Kepok,” Prism. Fis., vol. 9, no. 3, p. 221, 2021.
F. Paundra, “Analisis Kekuatan Tarik Komposit Hybrid Berpenguat Serat Batang Pisang Kepok Dan Serat Pinang,” vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 9–13, 2022.
S. Darmo and A. Zainuri, “Karakteristik Kekuatan Tarik Dan Morfologi Material Komposit Berpenguat Serat Pohon Pisang Saba Dengan Perlakuan Kimia,” J. Mek. Terap., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 16–25, 2021.
E. Yudo, A. Adha, M. Subhan, and Y. Yuliyanto, “Pengaruh Curing Time Terhadap Material Komposit Serat Kulit Jagung Sebagai Alternatif Bumper Mobil,” Manutech J. Teknol. Manufaktur, vol. 15, no. 02, pp. 159–166, 2023.
G. Refiadi, Y. S. Syamsiar, and H. Judawisastra, “Sifat Komposit Epoksi Berpenguat Serat Bambu Pada Akibat Penyerapan Air,” J. Sains Mater. Indones., vol. 19, no. 3, p. 98, 2018.
N. Kirana, Y. Yuliyanto, and N. Pranandita, “Analisis Pengaruh Perendaman Asap Cair Dan NaOH Terhadap Serat Daun Suji Dengan Perendaman Serat 15%, 20 % Dan 25 % Pada Pengaplikasian Panel Panjat Dinding,” Manutech J. Teknol. Manufaktur, vol. 15, no. 01, pp. 91–97, 2023.
D. H. Praswanto, S. Djiwo, and E. Y. Setyawan, “Karakteristik Kekuatan Tarik Dan Morfologi Biokomposit Pelepah Pisang Raksasa,” J. Flywheel, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 18–22, 2020.
M. Muslimin, W. A. Wirawan, and M. B. Palungan, “Review: Various Treatments Naoh, Sea Water, Fumigation, Liquid Smoke To Improve Tensile Strength And Surface Morphology Of Natural Fiber ”, JRM, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 911–918, Aug. 2024..
W. A. Wirawan, T. D. Widodo, and A. Zulkarnain, “Analisis Penambahan Coupling Agent terhadap Sifat Tarik Biokomposit Kulit Waru (Hibiscus Tiliaceus)-Polyester”, JRM, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. pp. 35–41, May 2018.
M. Muslimin, K. Kamil, S. A. Setya Budi, and I. N. G. Wardana, “Effect of liquid smoke on surface morphology and tensile strength of Sago Fiber,” J. Mech. Eng. Sci., vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 6165–6177, 2019, doi: 10.15282/jmes.13.4.2019.27.0483.
Y. Fan, “Study on Preparation and Application of Banana Fiber-Based Composites,” J. Phys. Conf. Ser., vol. 2539, no. 1, p. 12093, 2023.
M. Muslimin, kusno Kamil, S. A. S. Budi, and I. Wardana, “Effect of liquid smoke on surface morphology and tensile strength of Sago Fiber,” J. Mech. Eng. Sci., vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 6165–6177, 2019.
M. Y. Hashim et al., “Interfacial Shear, Tensile Strength and Young Modulus of Kenaf Fiber: The Effects From Different Settings of Alkali Treatment,” Key Eng. Mater., vol. 791, pp. 10–18, 2018.
M. Ramesh, L. Ravi, M. K. D. Manikandan, N. S. Kumar, and D. V. Pratap, “Mechanical and Water Intake Properties of Banana-Carbon Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites,” Mater. Res., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 365–376, 2017.
C. Das MohanDas, A. Athijayamani, S. Sidhardhan, and K. Ramanathan, “Analysis of the Effects of Fabrication Parameters on the Mechanical Properties of Areca Fine Fiber-Reinforced Phenol Formaldehyde Composite Using Taguchi Technique,” J. Appl. Res. Technol., vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 365–370, 2017.
M. Muslimin, M. Rahim, A. Seng, and S. Rais, “Liquid Smoke Treatment for Natural Fibers: The Effect on Tensile Properties, Surface Morphology, Crystalline Properties, and Functional Groups of Banana Stem Fibers,” Appl. Syst. Innov., vol. 5, no. 5, p. 94, 2022.
A. Balaji et al., “Study on Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Sisal/Banana/Coir Fiber-Reinforced Hybrid Polymer Composites,” J. Brazilian Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng., vol. 41, no. 9, 2019.
P. M. Borba, A. Tedesco, and D. M. Lenz, “Effect of Reinforcement Nanoparticles Addition on Mechanical Properties of SBS/curauá Fiber Composites,” Mater. Res., vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 412–419, 2013.
J. R. Aseer, K. Sankaranarayanasamy, and P. Jayabalan, “Effect of Chemical Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Municipal Solid Waste and Banana Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites,” Adv. Mater. Res., vol. 871, pp. 253–258, 2013.
B. Wahyu, W. Artha, F. Rozaq, and N. Faisal, “Effect of fiber length on tensile strength , impact toughness , and flexural strength of Banana Stem Fiber ( BSF ) -polyester composite for train body,” vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 7–14, 2023, doi: 10.22219/jemmme.v8i1.25570.
T. A. Nguyen and T. H. Nguyen, “Banana Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composites: Mechanical Properties and Fire Retardancy,” Int. J. Chem. Eng., vol. 2021, pp. 1–9, 2021.
P. Waghmare, P. G. Bedmutha, and S. Sollapur, “Review on Mechanical Properties of Banana Fiber Biocomposite,” Int. J. Res. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol., vol. V, no. X, pp. 847–850, 2017.
J. R. Aseer, K. Sankaranarayanasamy, P. Jayabalan, N. Rajasekar, and K. P. Dasan, “Mechanical and Water Absorption Properties of Municipal Solid Waste and Banana Fiber‐reinforced Urea Formaldehyde Composites,” Environ. Prog. Sustain. Energy, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 211–221, 2014.
M. M. Ibrahim, A. Dufresne, W. K. El‐Zawawy, and F. A. Agblevor, “Banana Fibers and Microfibrils as Lignocellulosic Reinforcements in Polymer Composites,” Carbohydr. Polym., vol. 81, no. 4, pp. 811–819, 2010.
S. N. Monteiro, F. M. Margem, F. S. de Assis, R. L. Loiola, and J. I. Margem, “Flexural Mechanical Characterization of Polyester Composites Reinforced With Continuous Banana Fibers,” pp. 175–179, 2013.
A. H. Al-Zubaydi, “Strength and Erosion of Lime Stabilized Gypseous Soil Under Different Flow Conditions,” Al-Rafdain Eng. J., vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 12–28, 2011.
N. Belay Taye and N. Zewdie Alemayehu, “Synthesis and Characterization of Mechanical and Physical Properties of False Banana (ʾənäsätə) Fiber Reinforced Composite Material,” Ethiop. Int. J. Eng. Technol., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 49–61, 2023.
T. P. Mohan and K. Kanny, “Nanoclay Infused Banana Fiber and Its Effects on Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Composites,” J. Compos. Mater., vol. 50, no. 9, pp. 1261–1276, 2015.
H. S. Ku, H. Wang, N. Pattarachaiyakoop, and M. Trada, “A Review on the Tensile Properties of Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites,” Compos. Part B Eng., vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 856–873, 2011.
M. Muslimin, K. Kamil, S. A. S, and W. I. N. G., “Effects of Liquid Smoke on the Chemical Composition and Thermal Properties of Sago Fiber,” J. SOUTHWEST JIAOTONG Univ., vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 1–11, 2019.
W. A. Wirawan, M. A. Choiron, E. Siswanto, and T. D. Widodo, “Analysis of the fracture area of tensile test for natural woven fiber composites (hibiscus tiliaceus-polyester),” J. Phys. Conf. Ser., vol. 1700, no. 1, 2020, doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1700/1/012034.
A. Benyahia, A. Merrouche, Z. E. A. Rahmouni, M. Rokbi, S. Walter, and Z. Kouadri, “Study of the Alkali Treatment Effect on the Mechanical Behavior of the Composite Unsaturated Polyester-Alfa Fibers,” Mech. Ind., vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 69–73, 2014.
M. Muslimin et al., “Enhancement of Sansevieria Trifasciata Laurentii Fiber Properties with Liquid Smoke Treatment,” J. Nat. Fibers, vol. 22, no. 1, 2025, doi: 10.1080/15440478.2025.2453482.
R. Bhoopathi, M. Ramesh, R. Rajaprasanna, G. Sasikala, and C. Deepa, “Physical Properties of Glass-Hemp-Banana Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites,” Indian J. Sci. Technol., vol. 10, no. 7, pp. 1–7, 2017.
A. B. Sulistyo, W. A. Wirawan, and M. Muslimin, “Evaluation Of Mechanical And Morphological Properties Composite Of Agel Leaf Fiber ( ALF ) - Epoxy Modified With Carbon Powder,” no. 1, pp. 144–153, 2024, doi: 10.21303/2461-4262.2024.002974.
G. P. Otto et al., “Mechanical Properties of a Polyurethane Hybrid Composite With Natural Lignocellulosic Fibers,” Compos. Part B Eng., vol. 110, pp. 459–465, 2017.
M. Mukhlis, W. Hardi, and R. Mustafa, “The Effect of Treatment of Coconut Fiber with Liquid Smoke on Mechanical Properties of Composite,” E3S Web Conf., vol. 328, p. 07010, 2021, doi: 10.1051/e3sconf/202132807010.
